The Vovtarlan alphabet.
This is a list of terms in the Vovtarlan language, the official language of the planet-kingdom of Vovtarla and its Vovtarlan people.
A[]
- adi - (V) lord, duke, chief
- (a)ganoí - on
- ahon - (V) lie, falsehood
- ahoskan - (G) clothed
- ahussan - (G) civilised
- aí(hen), aísan - ice, frost
- ajo, ai - (V) safety, security
- (a)klon - cloak, cape
- ale - are you sure?
- alka - every
- alka-reudi - every day
- alkon - always
- almimar - nobleman
- alminarwi - noblewoman
- alorisa - prominent mountain, peak
- alveralli - merchant
- alverallowi - merchant woman
- andano - (G) teacher, mentor
- antuas - (G) nation, folk, race
- anwo - man
- aokko - male adult
- are - any
- arih(o), ar- - fire
- au, awa - one (common, formal)
- aug-, agow-
- au ... - a, an
- aunizh - eleven
- ausuo - (G) steed
- azdo - star
B[]
- bagau - (G) mob, enemy army, horde
- baike - neck
- barihan - (G) advance, achieve(ment)
- Bar'ha - Supreme God, Creator God
- barsan - alignment, arrangement, pattern
- (T)-barsan - to concentrate, to keep thinking of something, to align or direct one's own mind
- barsanja - concentration, mindfulness, direction
- bartsagi - (G) emblem
- beku - naked, miserable, barbaric, brutish
- bersanni - (G) to die (formal)
- bolar, bollalt - black (common, formal)
- bon - without
D[]
- da ... - and
- daho - (V) shot, bullet, laser blast
- -dai - place of (formal)
- dandzhondo - appreciation, gratitude
- datchi - dew
- deno - (V) day, festival
- derho, der- - how
- di - between
- di- - (V) un- , not ...
- Diflasa - midsummer, new year's day
- dilorla - little moon, satellite
- disaí - middle
- -do - to, towards
- dori(sa) - mountain
- dreh - lush
- drondo - (V) man
E[]
- ehwe-, ehwa- - when
- ei - yes
- eihmo, im- - where
- eilon, lo(n)- - what
- ei(n) - certainly
- eisab, sab- - who
- elau - belly
- elhwo, el- - why
- -es - (G, plural)
F[]
- faja, faí - good
- fajocha - best
- fanseno - season
- fanza - iron
- fezh, fanzolt - silver (common, formal)
- (T)-finsa - to focus, to concentrate
- Flasaé - Summer (archaic)
- foine(ra), foiner - spices
- fombe-kas - bomber plane
- foni - hair
- fuendzhe - pollen
- fuin - cold
- Fuinsaé - Winter
- fujesaí, fuesa - physical health
- funa - fruit (general)
- funeuki, feugir - bitter fruit, coffee
- fura - hot, scalding, searing
- Furase - Summer
- furnad - beard
- fusara - torch, value, tradition, faith
- fushal(lo) - flood
G[]
- gafla - fast
- gaheg(ur) - hedge, bush
- gaheja - plant, vegetation
- galejo - (V) holy fire, great fire
- gamba - leg
- ganzho - (V) fortress, castle
- gefura - fur
- gepua - head
- gi, giruwa - zero (common, formal)
- gibiro, kibiro - (V) obsidian
- -gir - inhabitant of (informal)
- gir, hengir - forest
- gjem - mind
- (T)-gjetch - to think
- gjetchera - intelligence
- gjud - (V) mind, thought, mental
- gjuda - (V) mental, thinking, thought processes
- glara - all
- gol - (V) no, not, nay
- golandau - (V) non-human, alien, non-Vovtarlan
- gonsareu - birthday
- grino - symbol
- guril, gurih - (V) fear
- gurti - (G) wight
H[]
- haípeka-luei - help me
- haíwoban - class
- haíwokrat - school (common, general)
- haíwo-(K) - to learn
- (T)-harsk - to arrest
- haugen - animal
- hausai - medicine
- hauv, havalt - white (common, formal)
- hauve - atmosphere
- hazno - (V) dynasty
- heí - ear
- hejau, hoiwa - nine (common, formal)
- heuson - a good gift, all the best
- himes - (V) field, area
- Hojasaé - Autumn
- ho(n) - not
- honga - shed blood
- hoto - (V) moon
- hozoh - slave
- hozohwi - slave woman
- hu(n) - no
Hw[]
- hwahen - colour
- hwajempla - coloured pond, coral reef
- hwalta - flag, banner
- hwesna - peace, blessing
I[]
- iam - a mind
- iamda - brain
- iamdzhes - thoughts of a person
- idarjer - scholar
- idarjewi - scholar woman
- igavraurun - earthquake
- ije, ija - air
- ijen, i(ri) - eye
- il - now, is, are
- ilto - by now
- irwi - woman
- iskana - (G) civilisation, order, civility
- ivausunni - (G) to perish horrifically
J[]
- jaemenda - sapphire
- jaéza, jez - almost, nearly
- (T)-jahtarote - (V) to liberate, to set free
- -jan - self
- jaskesa - aircraft
- jaubara - (V) gryphon, an angel of Zomjonor or the Vozonid gods
- jauno - woman
- jawande, jande - many
- becomes "jowande/jonde" after a word ending in a or e
- jazhir-(K) - to kill
- jehnoí - under
- -jo, -ja - -ness
- (T)-jok'ho - to ride an animal
- jondifumna - great cyclone, typhoon
- josa - (V) arrow
- juhtamo - divine favour
K[]
- kaé - hi, hello
- kalpa(z) - mechanical, engine, machine
- kalpazan - mechanical, robotic
- (T)-kalpais - to fix a machine or engine
- kalpeikor, klaipor - robot
- kalpemor - mechanic
- kamba(u) - to have
- -kar - -ness
- kargon - (V) wealth
- karjentas - (G) blessing, prosperity
- karki - (V) spinel
- kaup - short
- kawando, kando - few
- ketto - (V) beast, monster
- kezhan - past
- kibbiro - (V) obsidian
- kja - now
- kjarade - over here
- kjarazhir - over there
- (T)-klaispe - to fix, to repair, to mend
- kloi - whole, all
- Kofusa - (V) Gauvajut civilisation, high culture, classical art
- kolba - man
- koska - (V) enemy, barbarian
- kosokrat - stable for horses
- kossua - white horse
- Kossua Reudi - Day of the White Horse, Vovtarlan Independence Day
- Kossuahwalta - White Horse Flag
- kota - head
- koz - (V) horse
- -krat, -krota - place of
- kreja - (V) famous tree
- kwetusni - (G) to be struck dead
L[]
- ladzhon - (V) stop it
- laéshora - (V) duel
- la(h)uro - (V) land, region
- lairo-vanzhon - heavy tank
- laí - day of birth, birthday, holy birthday
- langahan(kar) - legend, myth, mythology
- la(r) - this
- laruvol - steady walk
- laufan - warm
- laureta - large lantern
- leuta - (small) lantern
- lifona - fruit
- li(r) - that
- lonvi, lunove - five (common, formal)
- luon-, lonn-
- lorla - moon
- lor(ra), larra - eight (common, formal)
- lor-, lar-
- lorro - cyclone
- loska - hand
- (los)katchi - finger
- luse - shoulder
- lweíwon - welcome
- lwejonte - welcoming
M[]
- man ... - (V) May it be ...
- manezo - (V) spaceship
- mano - (V) outer space
- manodzharo - (V) space battleship or frigate
- manozmaro - (V) space defences
- mantori - mortal
- manwelzo - (V) large spaceship
- marzanni - (G) to pass away
- meguria - (G) age, era
- meswi - adult female
- mewen, mevan - hat
- mezas - (V) arrogance
- mezhal, mezhai - south (common, formal)
- (T)-mino - (V) to learn
- minodai - (V) school (classical, technical)
- mintcho - (V) lantern
- mirre - genius
- monila, mila - (V) mountain
- monto, mon- - earth, ground, mortal
- -(m)or, -(m)ar - doer, user of
- motcha, mota - mouth
- mujen - joke
- mummiri - warrior
- mummirjo - military
- mummirowi - warrior woman
- munomar - apprentice, novice, student
- munzei, munzol - east (common, formal)
- mus - (V) blood
N[]
- na- - (G) nihil
- naho-(K) - to eat
- naidzho, nalodzholt - blue (common, formal)
- naívara - emerald
- naleina - (V) sir
- nalenwi - (V) madam, miss
- naraí - noble, sir
- narei, narawai - north (common, formal)
- narosa - council
- naswi, nasi - from
- naumawehnas - (G) folly, ignorance
- nawaí - new
- -ne - of, (genitive)
- neí - for
- neir, niralt - pink (common, formal)
- ne-naraí - please
- nerba, navalt - brown (common, formal)
- neshaí - beauty
- netch, nezolt - gray (common, formal)
- neuki(r) - bitter
- ni, nai - girl
- nih(a) - name
- nitre - knowledge
- nizh, nozhe - ten (common, formal)
- nizhan - (V) carriage, car
- nizheu - nineteen
- nizhlor - eighteen
- nizholei - fifteen
- nizhotchen - fourteen
- nizhsen - thirteen
- nizhsonel - seventeen
- nizhwon - twelve
- nohon - (V) war, warfare
- noho-zodre - assault vehicle
- noih-kas - fighter plane
- noi(h)-zuresh(kas) - assault helicopter
- noishani - (V) women's formal clothing
- noives - gemstone, mineral
- nolko, nolkon - person (archaic), grifajes (archaic)
- nolzho - bronze
- noma - people, folk, race
- nomkoro - worker
- nomkorwi - worker woman
- notta-(K), nih-(K) - to name someone (common)
- notch - other
- notchorla - other moon, natural satellite
- nunda - nose
Nw[]
- Nwinsaé - Spring
O[]
- oibura - old
- oiveki - toe
- oivi - foot
- oleh - birth
- oleh-(K) - to give birth
- oleh-rim - to be born
- ollan - long
- (T)-olli - to rule
- olna - king, king of Vovtarla
- olwi - queen, queen of Vovtarla
- onor - (V) king, monarch (especially of a Vozonised country)
- Onoron - (V) Vozonid emperor, Emperor of Vozolaz, King of the Gods
- onoronor, onondor - (V) emperor
- orohei, oroh(ol) - centre (common, formal)
- (o)por - bad
- ortil - fence
- osmer(je) - element, substance
- osshon - most
- otaro - (V) village
- otcha - very, much
- (o)tch-sa - like, resembling
- otchsa mjon ... - as it seems
- ozgoh(on) - rain
P[]
- pahar - triump, victory
- (T)-pahar - to defeat evil
- pajuh(al) - drizzle
- pando, panno - father
- peikor - small robot
- plotcha - gun
- porocha - worst
- prazon(do) - (V) council
- pridzhe - (V) a Vozonid governor
- prizena - (V) completion, a Vozonid cycle of 16 years
- punvo - planet, world
R[]
- Rae Sarrelon, Raezaral - (V) New Sarmelon, (poetic) Vovtarla, the civilised realm
- rahto - (V) raptor
- raiguan - resumption, it continues
- raig(u)an-(K) - to continue
- raigutta - meteor
- raitchok - back
- randuas - (G) auxiliary
- raspes - (G) formal attire, ceremonial robes
- razon(o) - (V) home, domain, abode
- reilo, rajolalt - purple (common, formal)
- reivos - (V) men's formal clothing
- reudi - day
- -ri - inhabitant of (formal)
- ridzhonda - (V) supercomputer
- rih, rahalt - red (common, formal)
- rihse - other world, minor world, realm
- rihte - realm, world, inhabited planet, Vovtarla
- rijo, irjo - (V) sun
- ril - light
- rizero - (V) sunbird
- rizo - (V) book
- rizodan - (V) computer
- rjosa - meeting, assembly
- rjosho - (V) greater wight
- rohdotol, rohdotel - transmission beacon
- roltar, rolsar - (V) origin, source
- rolshan - kingdom
- Rolshan Kossua - (V) Kingdom of the White Horse, Vovtarla
- rugozo - (V) wreckage
- ruigara - ruby
- rukemmo - (V) it is useless
- rut'hei, rut'hal - west (common, formal)
S[]
- (T)-saéhenna - to transform
- (T)-saékena - to change
- sagahan - sky
- sagara - Heaven
- sagari - celestial, angel
- sagnei - over
- saira, sjera - (V) gold
- samuh - oil
- san - life, vitality
- (T)-san - to survive, to endure
- Sarrelon - (V) Sarmelonid Empire, Sarmelonid civilisation
- sas - grass, horse food
- sawaí ... - may you have a happy (festival)
- saweja-(K) - to change
- sawen- - to become
- ... se ... - of, X of Y
- sehnei - beneath
- -seí - (G, plural for words ending in -es)
- selbi - tree
- senna, saine - three (common, formal)
- sen-, senn-
- skano, skane - friend
- (T)-skluta - to transform, to alter
- sklutamor, skultor, sultor - mutant
- sma - death
- sma-(K) - to die
- smo-(K) - to suddenly die
- smodzha-(K) - to get killed, to be destroyed
- soda-(K) - to give
- sodzha - (V) continue
- soho - (V) destruction, carnage, ruin
- sonli, sonelle(i) - seven (common, formal)
- sonel-, sell-
- spusho - enough
- stewai - silver
- suansha - plain, flattened
- suenzo - nose
- suhno - sun, Vovtarla's sun
- suhnoril - sunshine, divine light
- suiro, sur- - water
- sultor - a powerful mutant
- sunjo(do) - (V) teacher
- suonariz, sezhai - sixteen (common, formal)
- surbu - slow
- surei - (V) water, holy water, water wight
- suvan - (V) holy, sacred
- suwoi - drinks, drinking water
- suzhen - snow
- swaítcha-(K) - to celebrate
- swehvi, sajehve - six (common, formal)
- sueh-, saeg-
- swo-(K) - to look
Sh[]
- shana - country, region
- Shanasuanjo Reudi - Independence Day, Day of the White Horse (Vovtarlan independence from Sarmelonid oppression)
- shane - rice
- shie ... - Dear ...
- shila - (V) well-being
- shkeno - larger region
- shketto - region
- (T)-shonwo - (V) to name someone (formal)
- shorai - (V) army or legion of heaven, celestial soldiers, angels
- shoroisa, shoroja - (V) emerald, sacred emerald
- shoro(z) - (V) army, legion
- shuan - food
- shuppi - (G) sacred, blessed
T[]
- tahana - (G) sublime, supreme, holy
- taíh-vanzhon - light tank
- tamban - chest
- tanhul-(K) - to take in something, to keep something
- (T)-tanhul - to adopt
- tarta - arm
- tekus - (G) correct, right, proper
- tenkari(s) - (G) spinel, sacred spinel
- tiek-(K) - to take something
- tol, telo - tower
- toroi - giant
- torola, tarla - realm
- tos, tussalt - tan (common, formal)
- totanhuljo - adoption
- tumimar - (V) student
- tuminomar - (V) student
Tch[]
- tchoresa - diamond
- tchosen - city
- tchusen, shorisen - four (common, formal)
U[]
- ura - out
- urbajo - justice
- urib, orbalt - orange (common, formal)
- uro - outwards, outer fringes, beyond, border
- uwaz - ear
- uwen - neck
V[]
- vanzhon - tank
- vare - ancient festival
- venja - (V) woman
- vjoros - (V) torment
- vohnom - goodbye
- voh(ti) - true
- voikon - valley
- vola(r) - these
- voli(r) - those
- -vonsh, -vensh - (plural)
- vonizh, voazh - twenty (common, formal)
- vazh-, vozh-
- vorfansa - age, era
- vorrasa - age, interval, dynasty
- vovan - noble, heroic
- vowei(ko) - waist, loins
- vrun-(K) - to shade
- vubatchi - obsidian
W[]
- warah(on) - threat
- weir, wejara - hundred (common, formal)
- we(r)-, weja(r)-
- wen(a) - sea
- wenja - sun
- wenjaril - sunlight
- winwa - (V) quiet, silent
- wizhon - enemy
- wjerentar, wjerendai - (V) station
- won, wena - two (common, formal)
- vo-, vo(w)-
- woira - (V) glory
- wotome - obstruction, boulder
Z[]
- zaimpos - (V) torture
- zar - must
- zeígama - (V) galaxy
- zeljo- - dark colour
- zeja - (V) star, celestial, angel
- zer, zarrolt - gold (common, formal)
- zergo - gold
- zien - front
- zjantunni - (G) to rot, to decay
- zolai- - light colour
- zolvi, zalovjalt - yellow (common, formal)
- zorih(an) - mountain
- zua - sea
- zuanda - ocean
- zule - great tree
- zuresh-kas - helicopter
- zurnanni - (G) to be destroyed
- zuro - (V) course, road, path
Zh[]
- zhari, zajovjalt - green (common, formal)
- zhe, she - must
- zhenda - (V) song
- zho - proper attire
- zhori - rye
Names of peoples and civilisations[]
- Kofusa - Gauvajut
- Adumari - Ontemazei, Ontemazei Empire
Trivia[]
- (V) - Sarmelonid Vozonid loanword
- (G) - Gauvajut loanword
Verbal tenses[]
- (T) - tu- - honorary verb, present tense:
- present, perfect, continuous: (do, has done, doing)
- tu-, due-, sue-
- passive forms: (was done by:)
- -tri, -rim, -ruis
- past tense forms:
- toerul-, kuerul-, suerul-
past passive: (obsolete)-tostri, -dustri, -ruesti- future tense forms:
- tuwaé-, duwaé-, suwaé-
future passive: (obsolete)-tuzeri, -duzeri-, suzeri-- passive affix: -rim
- do- - degrading verb, present tense:
- present, perfect, continuous:
- do-. duor-, suor-
- past tense forms:
- doir-, kajar-, suor-
- future tense forms:
- dowa-, duowar-, suowa-
- passive suffix: -tu
- (K) - -kreu - common verb/default, present tense:
- present, perfect, continuous:
- -kreu, -dreu, -kreves
passive forms:-kuri, -druim, -kruis- past tense forms:
- -kradul, -dredul, -kretsul
past passive:-rasti, -rimal, -ruisal- future tense forms:
- -krowaé, -krodaé, -krezaé
- passive: -rim (formerly only for future, now applies to all tenses)
Pronunciation[]
- a:
- [ɒ-] when stressed at the start of a word
- [o-] when the stressed part at the start of a word is the latter part of a compound word
- [a-] (sometimes [ə-]) when unstressed at the start of a word, stressed and/or unstressed elsewhere
- [ʌ], [ə] when unstressed elsewhere
- b - [b], [pʼ-] at the start of a word
- d:
- [d]
- [dʲ] before and after i (unless before a consonant)
- [d͡r] before r
- [ɟ] before w (dw [ɟʷ])
- dzh: [d͡ʐ], [d͡ʑ] before j or i
- e:
- [e]
- [ɛ] or [æ] unstressed or in diphthongs
- [æ] always within the word se ("of")
- f - [ɸ]
- g:
- [k'~g] at the start of a word, also in compound words
- [g] elsewhere
- [x] after h (hg [x(ː)])
- h - [x]
- hg - [x(ː)]
- hw - [xʷ]
- j - [j]
- k - [k], [kʰ-]
- l:
- [l]
- [-ɭ] in formal usage (declining), [-l] in common usage
- [ɫ] after h, r, t, and d
- nj - [ɲ]
- nv - [nʷ], [nʋ] before o or e
- o:
- [o]
- [o̞] unstressed
- [ɔ] unstressed in some words, usually before n
- p - [p], [pʰ-]
- r - [r], [rʲ] before and after i (unless before a consonant)
- sh - [ʂ], [ɕ] before or after j or i
- t:
- [t]
- [tʰ-] at the start of a word
- [tʲ] before and after i (unless before a consonant)
- [t͡r] before r
- [c] before w (tw [cʷ])
- tch - [t͡ʂ], [t͡ɕ] before j or i
- u:
- [u]
- [ʊ] sometimes when unstressed
- [-ʊ̯] diphthong
- [ɯ-] before n in most words (especially in native vocabulary)
- v:
- [v]
- [ɸ] before a consonant
- [-ʷ-] between a consonant and a vowel, but [-ʋ-] in nvo and nve except at the start of a word
- w - [w], [-ʷ-] between a vowel and a consonant
- z - always [z]
- zh - [ʐ], [ʑ] before or after j or i
Diphthongs[]
- ae:
- [ɒjɛ] stressed
- [ɔɪ̯-] unstressed at the start of a word
- [əɪ̯] unstressed
- aé
- [ɒjɛ] stressed
- [ajɛ-] unstressed at start of word
- [ʌjɛ] unstressed
- ai
- [ɛɪ̯] stressed (sometimes [ai] in important words and names)
- [ʌɪ̯] unstressed
- [aɪ̯] unstressed in some words
- aí
- [aɪ̯] usually stressed
- [ʌɪ̯] usually unstressed
- ei
- [æɪ̯] stressed
- [iː] unstressed
- eí
- [eɪ̯] stressed
- [ɛɪ̯] unstressed
- eu
- [æʊ̯] stressed
- [ɛʊ̯] unstressed
- eú
- [eʊ̯] stressed (less common)
- [ɛʊ̯] unstressed
- oe
- [ujɛ] stressed
- [uːɪ̯] unstressed
- oé
- [oe̯]
- oi
- [ɔɪ̯] stressed
- [uɪ̯] unstressed
- ua
- [wɒ-] stressed at start of word
- [wa-] unstressed at start of word
- [wʌ~wə] unstressed elsewhere
- ue
- [we] stressed
- [wæ(ɪ)] unstressed
- ué
- [uwɛ]
- ui
- [weɪ̯] stressed
- [wɛɪ̯] unstressed
- uo
- [wo] usually stressed
- [wɔ] or [wo̞] unstressed